Difference between revisions of "Notes:Free group"

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(Added another source, with a better construction)
 
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==[[Abstract Algebra - Pierre Antoine Grillet|Grillet - Abstract Algebra]]==
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* This is about the [[Free group generated by]] but may include the [[free product of groups]]!
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__TOC__
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==[[Books:Abstract Algebra - Pierre Antoine Grillet|Grillet - Abstract Algebra]]==
 
This is taken from '''section 6 of chapter 1''' starting on page 27.
 
This is taken from '''section 6 of chapter 1''' starting on page 27.
 
===Reduction===
 
===Reduction===
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===Sequences of reductions===
 
===Sequences of reductions===
 
# We write {{M|a\overset{1}{\rightarrow} b}} if
 
# We write {{M|a\overset{1}{\rightarrow} b}} if
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==[[Books:Introduction to Topological Manifolds - John M. Lee|Lee - Topological Manifolds]]==
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===Free group generated by===
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Let {{M|S:\eq\{\sigma\} }} - a set containing a single thing. Then:
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* {{M|F(S)}} - the free group generated by {{M|S}} (we may write {{M|F(\sigma)}} instead, for short) is defined as follows:
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*# The set of the [[group]] is {{M|F(\sigma):\eq\{\sigma\}\times\mathbb{Z} }} - the set of all [[tuples]] of the form {{M|(\sigma,m)}} for {{M|m\in\mathbb{Z} }}
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*# The operation is: {{M|(\sigma,a)\cdot(\sigma,b):\eq(\sigma,a+b)}}
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* We identify {{M|\sigma}} with {{M|(\sigma,1)}}, thus:
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** {{M|\sigma^m\eq(\sigma,m\cdot(1))\eq(\sigma,m)}}
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Now suppose {{M|S}} is some arbitrary set, then:
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* {{M|F(S):\eq\underset{\sigma\in S}{\Huge \ast}F(\sigma)}} - the {{link|free product|group}} of the groups {{M|F(\sigma)}} for each {{M|\sigma\in S}}
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===Free product===
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Quite simple:
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* {{M|\underset{\alpha\in I}{\huge\ast}G_\alpha}} is a [[quotient by an equivalence relation]] on the [[free monoid generated by]] the set that is the [[disjoint union]]: {{M|\coprod_{\alpha\in I}G_\alpha}} where:
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** Two words in the monoid are considered equivalent if one can be reduced to the other.
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** The rules for reduction are:
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**# (two elements in the word from the same group are combined into one that is their product)
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**# (any identity elements are discarded)
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A bit of [[factor (function)|factorisation]] later and you've got an associative operation on the quotient with identity, just need to show inverse then.
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
 
<references group="Note"/>
 
<references group="Note"/>

Latest revision as of 20:36, 10 December 2016

Grillet - Abstract Algebra

This is taken from section 6 of chapter 1 starting on page 27.

Reduction

  • Let [ilmath]X[/ilmath] be a set.
  • Let [ilmath]X'[/ilmath] be a disjoint set
  • Let [ilmath]A:X\rightarrow X'[/ilmath] be a bijection, and let [ilmath]A':\eq A^{-1}:X'\rightarrow X[/ilmath] be the inverse bijection
  • Let [ilmath]Y:\eq X\cup X'[/ilmath]

Caveat:Apparently we denote [ilmath]A[/ilmath] by [ilmath]x\mapsto x'[/ilmath] and [ilmath]A'[/ilmath] by [ilmath]y\mapsto y'[/ilmath] such that [ilmath](x')'\eq x[/ilmath] and [ilmath](y')'\eq y[/ilmath] - I am unsure of this.


Words in the "alphabet" [ilmath]Y[/ilmath] are finite, but possibly empty, sequences of elements of [ilmath]Y[/ilmath].

Next:

Reduced word

A word, [ilmath]a\in W[/ilmath] with [ilmath]a\eq(a_1,\ldots,a_n)[/ilmath] is reduced when:

  • [ilmath]\forall i\in\{1,\ldots,n-1\}[a_{i+1}\neq a_i'][/ilmath]

For example:

  1. [ilmath](x,y,z)[/ilmath] - reduced
  2. [ilmath](x,x,x)[/ilmath] - reduced
  3. [ilmath](x,y,y',z)[/ilmath] - NOT reduced

Reduction deletes subsequences of the form [ilmath](a_i,a'_i)[/ilmath] until a reduced word is reached.

Sequences of reductions

  1. We write [ilmath]a\overset{1}{\rightarrow} b[/ilmath] if

Lee - Topological Manifolds

Free group generated by

Let [ilmath]S:\eq\{\sigma\} [/ilmath] - a set containing a single thing. Then:

  • [ilmath]F(S)[/ilmath] - the free group generated by [ilmath]S[/ilmath] (we may write [ilmath]F(\sigma)[/ilmath] instead, for short) is defined as follows:
    1. The set of the group is [ilmath]F(\sigma):\eq\{\sigma\}\times\mathbb{Z} [/ilmath] - the set of all tuples of the form [ilmath](\sigma,m)[/ilmath] for [ilmath]m\in\mathbb{Z} [/ilmath]
    2. The operation is: [ilmath](\sigma,a)\cdot(\sigma,b):\eq(\sigma,a+b)[/ilmath]
  • We identify [ilmath]\sigma[/ilmath] with [ilmath](\sigma,1)[/ilmath], thus:
    • [ilmath]\sigma^m\eq(\sigma,m\cdot(1))\eq(\sigma,m)[/ilmath]


Now suppose [ilmath]S[/ilmath] is some arbitrary set, then:

  • [ilmath]F(S):\eq\underset{\sigma\in S}{\Huge \ast}F(\sigma)[/ilmath] - the free product of the groups [ilmath]F(\sigma)[/ilmath] for each [ilmath]\sigma\in S[/ilmath]

Free product

Quite simple:

  • [ilmath]\underset{\alpha\in I}{\huge\ast}G_\alpha[/ilmath] is a quotient by an equivalence relation on the free monoid generated by the set that is the disjoint union: [ilmath]\coprod_{\alpha\in I}G_\alpha[/ilmath] where:
    • Two words in the monoid are considered equivalent if one can be reduced to the other.
    • The rules for reduction are:
      1. (two elements in the word from the same group are combined into one that is their product)
      2. (any identity elements are discarded)

A bit of factorisation later and you've got an associative operation on the quotient with identity, just need to show inverse then.

Notes

  1. Obviously, concatenation of finite sequences [ilmath]a:\eq(a_1,\ldots,a_\ell)[/ilmath] and [ilmath]b:\eq(b_1,\ldots,b_m)[/ilmath] is:
    • [ilmath]a\cdot b:\eq(a_1,\ldots,a_\ell,b_1,\ldots,b_m)[/ilmath]