Addition of vector spaces

Notes

• See Notes:Vector space operations

Definitions

All of this comes from the same reference

Name	Expression	Notes
Finite
External direct sum	Given [math]V_1,\cdots,V_n[/math] which are vector spaces over the same field [ilmath]F[/ilmath]: [math]V=\mathop{\boxplus}^n_{i=1}V_i=\left\{(v_1,\cdots,v_n)|v_i\in V_i,\ i=1,2,\cdots,n\right\}[/math] Often written: [math]V=V_1\boxplus V_2\boxplus\cdots\boxplus V_n[/math]	This is the easiest definition, for example [math]\mathbb{R}^n=\mathop{\boxplus}^n_{i=1}\mathbb{R}=\underbrace{\mathbb{R}\boxplus\cdots\boxplus\mathbb{R}}_{n\text{ times}}[/math] Operations: (given [ilmath]u_i,v_i\in V_i[/ilmath] and [ilmath]c[/ilmath] is a scalar in [ilmath]F[/ilmath]) [math](u_1,\cdots,u_n)+(v_1,\cdots,v_n)=(u_1+v_1,\cdots,u_n+v_n)[/math] [math]c(v_1,\cdots,v_n)=(cv_1,\cdots,cv_n)[/math]
	Alternative form
	[math]V=\mathop{\boxplus}^n_{i=1}V_i=\left\{\left.f:\{1,\cdots,n\}\rightarrow\bigcup_{i=1}^nV_i\right|f(i)\in V_i\ \forall i\in\{1,\cdots,n\}\right\}[/math]	Consider the association: [math](v_1,\cdots,v_n)\mapsto\left[\left.f:\{1,\cdots,n\}\rightarrow\bigcup_{i=1}^nV_i\right|f(i)=v_i\ \forall i\right][/math] That is, that maps a vector to a function which takes a number from 1 to [ilmath]n[/ilmath] to the [ilmath]i^\text{th} [/ilmath] component, and: Given a function [math]f:\{1,\cdots,n\}\rightarrow\cup_{i=1}^nV_i[/math] where [math]f(i)\in V_i\ \forall i[/math] we can define the following association: [math]f\mapsto(f(1),\cdots,f(n))[/math] Thus: [math]V=\mathop{\boxplus}^n_{i=1}V_i=\left\{\left.f:\{1,\cdots,n\}\rightarrow\bigcup_{i=1}^nV_i\right|f(i)\in V_i\ \forall i\right\}[/math] [math]V=\mathop{\boxplus}^n_{i=1}V_i=\left\{(v_1,\cdots,v_n)|v_i\in V_i,\ \forall i\right\}[/math] Are isomorphic
Sum of vector spaces	Given [ilmath]V_1,\cdots,V_n[/ilmath] which are vector subspaces of [ilmath]V[/ilmath] [math]\sum^n_{i=1}V_i=\left\{v_1+\cdots+v_n|v_i\in V_i,\ i=1,2,\cdots,n\right\}[/math] Sometimes this is written: [math]V_1+V_2+\cdots+V_n[/math]
For any family of vectors (here [ilmath]K[/ilmath] will denote an indexing set and [math]\mathcal{F}=\left\{V_i|i\in K\right\}[/math] (a family of vector spaces over [ilmath]F[/ilmath]))
Direct product	[math]V=\prod_{i\in K}V_i=\left\{\left.f:K\rightarrow\bigcup_{i\in K}V_i\right|f(i)\in V_i\ \forall i\in K\right\}[/math]	Generalisation of the external direct sum
External direct sum	[math]V=\mathop{\boxplus}_{i\in K}V_i=\left\{\left.f:K\rightarrow\bigcup_{i\in K}V_i\right|f(i)\in V_i\ \forall i\in K,\ f\text{ has finite support}\right\}[/math]	Note: The alternative notation [math]\bigoplus_{i\in K}^\text{ext}[/math] is sometimes used
	Finite support:
	A function [ilmath]f[/ilmath] has finite support if [ilmath]f(i)=0[/ilmath] for all but finitely many [ilmath]i\in K[/ilmath]	So it is "zero almost everywhere" - the set [math]\{f(i)|f(i)\ne 0\}[/math] is finite.
Internal direct sum	Given a family of subspaces of [ilmath](V,F)[/ilmath], [math]\mathcal{F}=\{V_i|i\in I\}[/math], the internal direct sum is defined as follows: [math]V=\bigoplus\mathcal{F}[/math] or [math]V=\bigoplus_{i\in I}[/math] where the following hold: [math]V=\sum_{i\in I}V_i[/math] - that is that [ilmath]V[/ilmath] is the sum (or join) of the family [ilmath]\mathcal{F} [/ilmath] [math]\forall i\in I[/math] we have [math]V_i\cap\left(\sum_{j\ne i}V_j\right)=\{0\}[/math]	For the second condition each [ilmath]V_j[/ilmath] is called a direct summand of [ilmath]V[/ilmath] If [ilmath]\mathcal{F} [/ilmath] is finite, that is [math]\mathcal{F}=\{V_1,\cdots,V_n\}[/math] then we often write: [math]V=V_1\oplus\cdots\oplus V_n[/math] If [ilmath]V=S\oplus T[/ilmath] then we call [ilmath]T[/ilmath] a complement of [ilmath]S[/ilmath] in [ilmath]V[/ilmath] The [ilmath]2^\text{nd} [/ilmath] condition is stronger than saying the members of [ilmath]\mathcal{F} [/ilmath] are pairwise disjoint - the book makes this clear although I see it as obvious. (Even though they're not quite pairwise disjoint!)