Difference between revisions of "Topological separation axioms"
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! {{M|T_4}} | ! {{M|T_4}} | ||
| A [[normal topological space|normal]] {{M|T_1}} space<ref name="ITTGG"/>. | | A [[normal topological space|normal]] {{M|T_1}} space<ref name="ITTGG"/>. | ||
| − | | [[Every T4 space is a T3 space]] | + | | [[Every T4 space is a T3 space]], [[All metric spaces are T4 spaces]]<ref group="Note">Show all [[metric space|metric spaces]] are [[Hausdorff space|Hausdorff spaces]] is incredibly easy. However there is a stronger result, [[All metric spaces are T4 spaces]], Then as [[every T4 space is a T3 space]] and [[every T3 space is a T2 space]] and a [[T2 space]] is the same thing as a [[Hausdorff space]] we can prove it this way instead. </ref> |
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We shall use the definitions as given above, because we already have a term for "normal topological spaces" - that term is "normal topological space" | We shall use the definitions as given above, because we already have a term for "normal topological spaces" - that term is "normal topological space" | ||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Urysohn's lemma]] - for ''[[disjoint]]'' [[closed set|closed sets]] of a [[normal topological space]], {{Top.|X|J}}, there exists a [[continuous function]], {{M|f:X\rightarrow [0,1]\subset\mathbb{R} }} such that {{M|f}} is {{M|0}} on the first closed set and {{M|f}} is {{M|1}} on the other. | ||
| + | ==Notes== | ||
| + | <references group="Note"/> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
{{Topology navbox|plain}} | {{Topology navbox|plain}} | ||
{{Definition|Topology}} | {{Definition|Topology}} | ||
Latest revision as of 00:08, 4 May 2016
Contents
Motivation
The indiscrete topology and discrete topology are not particularly useful, as first countable and second countable topological spaces show by trying to restrict the cardinality of the topology we may derive some interesting properties that are not true for topological spaces in general. Cardinality arguments are "weak" in the sense of they don't really provide a useful constraint on the topology. Consider for example the topology [ilmath]\mathcal{J} [/ilmath] defined as:
- [ilmath]\mathcal{J}:=\{\mathcal{K}\}\cup\{ (1,+\infty),\ [0,+\infty)\}[/ilmath] where [ilmath]\mathcal{K} [/ilmath] is some topology on [ilmath][0,1]\subset\mathbb{R} [/ilmath] (power-set / discrete topology being a good example)
We can satisfy any cardinality argument with this (depending on the [ilmath]\mathcal{K} [/ilmath]) but for anything outside [ilmath][0,1][/ilmath] we have no information. This is what I mean by cardinality arguments are weak. They don't govern the space.
However, suppose that a topological space, [ilmath](X,\mathcal{ J })[/ilmath] is Hausdorff say, now we have a "strong" property (or requirement for the space), because it applies to ALL points equally well.
TODO: Flesh out
Overview
(Here [ilmath](X,\mathcal{ J })[/ilmath] is a topological space) Warning:Some authors alter the terms slightly, see the warnings at the bottom
| Space | Meaning | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| [ilmath]T_1[/ilmath] | [ilmath]\forall x,y\in X\exists U\in\mathcal{J}[x\ne y\implies (y\in U\wedge x\notin U)][/ilmath][1] | |
| [ilmath]T_2[/ilmath] | [ilmath]\forall x,y\in X\exists U,V\in\mathcal{J}[x\ne y\implies(U\cap V=\emptyset\wedge x\in U\wedge y\in V)][/ilmath][1] | AKA: Hausdorff space. Every T2 space is a T1 space. |
| [ilmath]T_3[/ilmath] | A regular [ilmath]T_1[/ilmath] space[1]. | Every T3 space is a T2 space |
| [ilmath]T_4[/ilmath] | A normal [ilmath]T_1[/ilmath] space[1]. | Every T4 space is a T3 space, All metric spaces are T4 spaces[Note 1] |
TODO: Picture
The [ilmath]T_i[/ilmath] notation exists because the German word for "separation axiom" is "Trennungsaxiome"[1]
Recall
Regular topological space
A topological space, [ilmath](X,\mathcal{ J })[/ilmath] is regular if[1]:
- [ilmath]\forall E\in C(\mathcal{J})\ \forall x\in X-E\ \exists U,V\in\mathcal{J}[U\cap V=\emptyset\implies(E\subset U\wedge x\in V)][/ilmath] - (here [ilmath]C(\mathcal{J})[/ilmath] denotes the closed sets of the topology [ilmath]\mathcal{J} [/ilmath])
Warning:Note that it is [ilmath]E\subset U[/ilmath] not [ilmath]\subseteq[/ilmath], the author ([1]) like me is pedantic about this, so it must matter
Normal topological space
A topological space, [ilmath](X,\mathcal{ J })[/ilmath], is said to be normal if[1]:
- [ilmath]\forall E,F\in C(\mathcal{J})\ \exists U,V\in\mathcal{J}[E\cap F=\emptyset\implies(U\cap V=\emptyset\wedge E\subseteq U\wedge F\subseteq V)][/ilmath] - (here [ilmath]C(\mathcal{J})[/ilmath] denotes the collection of closed sets of the topology, [ilmath]\mathcal{J} [/ilmath])
Warnings
According to[1] some authors define:
- [ilmath]T_3[/ilmath] - a regular topological space
- [ilmath]T_4[/ilmath] - a normal topological space
This rarely leads to problems as a lot of the topological spaces of interest are Hausdorff spaces ([ilmath]T_2[/ilmath]) and on such spaces the definitions coincide.
We shall use the definitions as given above, because we already have a term for "normal topological spaces" - that term is "normal topological space"
See also
- Urysohn's lemma - for disjoint closed sets of a normal topological space, [ilmath](X,\mathcal{ J })[/ilmath], there exists a continuous function, [ilmath]f:X\rightarrow [0,1]\subset\mathbb{R} [/ilmath] such that [ilmath]f[/ilmath] is [ilmath]0[/ilmath] on the first closed set and [ilmath]f[/ilmath] is [ilmath]1[/ilmath] on the other.
Notes
- ↑ Show all metric spaces are Hausdorff spaces is incredibly easy. However there is a stronger result, All metric spaces are T4 spaces, Then as every T4 space is a T3 space and every T3 space is a T2 space and a T2 space is the same thing as a Hausdorff space we can prove it this way instead.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Introduction to Topology - Theodore W. Gamelin & Robert Everist Greene
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