Difference between revisions of "Dynkin system"

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(Created page with "==Definition== {{Extra Maths}}Given a set {{M|X}} and a family of subsets of {{M|X}}, which we shall denote {{M|\mathcal{D}\subseteq\mathcal{P}(X)}} is a ''Dynkin system''<ref...")
 
m (→‎Proof of equivalence of definitions: Updating to modern style)
 
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'''Note: '''a Dynkin system is also called a "{{M|d}}-system"<ref>Probability and Stochastics - Erhan Cinlar</ref> and the page [[d-system]] just redirects here.
 
==Definition==
 
==Definition==
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{{Extra Maths}}Given a set {{M|X}} and a family of subsets of {{M|X}}, which we shall denote {{M|\mathcal{D}\subseteq\mathcal{P}(X)}} is a ''Dynkin system''<ref name="MIM">Rene L. Schilling - Measures, Integrals and Martingales</ref> if:
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===[[Dynkin system/Definition 1|First Definition]]===
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* {{M|X\in\mathcal{D} }}
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{{Extra Maths}}{{:Dynkin system/Definition 1}}
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* For any {{M|D\in\mathcal{D} }} we have {{M|D^c\in\mathcal{D} }}
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===[[Dynkin system/Definition 2|Second Definition]]===
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* For any {{M|1=(D_n)_{n=1}^\infty\subseteq\mathcal{D} }} is a [[Sequence|sequence]] of [[Pairwise disjoint|pairwise disjoint sets]] we have {{M|1=\udot_{n=1}^\infty D_n\in\mathcal{D} }}
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{{:Dynkin system/Definition 2}}
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==Proof of equivalence of definitions==
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{{Begin Inline Theorem}}
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'''[[Dynkin system/Proof that definitions 1 and 2 are equivalent|Claim]]: ''' Definition 1 {{M|\iff}} Definition 2
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{{Begin Inline Proof}}
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{{:Dynkin system/Proof that definitions 1 and 2 are equivalent}}
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{{End Proof}}{{End Theorem}}
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==Immediate results==
 
==Immediate results==
 
{{Begin Inline Theorem}}
 
{{Begin Inline Theorem}}
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* [[Dynkin system generated by]]
 
* [[Dynkin system generated by]]
 
* [[Types of set algebras]]
 
* [[Types of set algebras]]
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* [[p-system|{{M|p}}-system]]
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* [[Conditions for a Dynkin system to be a sigma-algebra|Conditions for a {{M|d}}-system to be a {{sigma|algebra}}]]
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==Notes==
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<references group="Note"/>
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 
{{Definition|Measure Theory}}
 
{{Definition|Measure Theory}}
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[[Category:Exemplary pages]]

Latest revision as of 01:54, 19 March 2016

Note: a Dynkin system is also called a "[ilmath]d[/ilmath]-system"[1] and the page d-system just redirects here.

Definition

First Definition

[math]\newcommand{\bigudot}{ \mathchoice{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-15mu\cdot\mkern8mu}}{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-13mu\cdot\mkern5mu}}{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-13mu\cdot\mkern5mu}}{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-13mu\cdot\mkern5mu}} }[/math][math]\newcommand{\udot}{\cup\mkern-12.5mu\cdot\mkern6.25mu\!}[/math][math]\require{AMScd}\newcommand{\d}[1][]{\mathrm{d}^{#1} }[/math]Given a set [ilmath]X[/ilmath] and a family of subsets of [ilmath]X[/ilmath], which we shall denote [ilmath]\mathcal{D}\subseteq\mathcal{P}(X)[/ilmath] is a Dynkin system[2] if:

  • [ilmath]X\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath]
  • For any [ilmath]D\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath] we have [ilmath]D^c\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath]
  • For any [ilmath](D_n)_{n=1}^\infty\subseteq\mathcal{D}[/ilmath] is a sequence of pairwise disjoint sets we have [ilmath]\udot_{n=1}^\infty D_n\in\mathcal{D}[/ilmath]

Second Definition

Given a set [ilmath]X[/ilmath] and a family of subsets of [ilmath]X[/ilmath] we denote [ilmath]\mathcal{D}\subseteq\mathcal{P}(X)[/ilmath] is a Dynkin system[3] on [ilmath]X[/ilmath] if:

  • [ilmath]X\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath]
  • [ilmath]\forall A,B\in\mathcal{D}[B\subseteq A\implies A-B\in\mathcal{D}][/ilmath]
  • Given a sequence [ilmath](A_n)_{n=1}^\infty\subseteq\mathcal{D}[/ilmath] that is increasing[Note 1] and has [ilmath]\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}(A_n)=A[/ilmath] we have [ilmath]A\in\mathcal{D}[/ilmath]

Proof of equivalence of definitions

Claim: Definition 1 [ilmath]\iff[/ilmath] Definition 2

[math]\newcommand{\bigudot}{ \mathchoice{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-15mu\cdot\mkern8mu}}{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-13mu\cdot\mkern5mu}}{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-13mu\cdot\mkern5mu}}{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-13mu\cdot\mkern5mu}} }[/math][math]\newcommand{\udot}{\cup\mkern-12.5mu\cdot\mkern6.25mu\!}[/math][math]\require{AMScd}\newcommand{\d}[1][]{\mathrm{d}^{#1} }[/math]

TODO: Flesh out the algebra (blue boxes)

Definition 1 [ilmath]\implies[/ilmath] definition 2

Let [ilmath]\mathcal{D} [/ilmath] be a subgroup satisfying definition 1, then I claim it satisfies definition 2. Let us check the conditions.
  1. [ilmath]X\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath] is satisfied by definition
  2. For [ilmath]A,B\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath] with [ilmath]B\subseteq A[/ilmath] then [ilmath]A-B\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath]
    • Note that [ilmath]A-B=(A^c\udot B)^c[/ilmath] (this is not true in general, it requires [ilmath]B\subseteq A[/ilmath]Include ven diagram
    As by hypothesis [ilmath]\mathcal{D} [/ilmath] is closed under complements and disjoint unions, we see that [ilmath](A^c\udot B)^c\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath] thus
    • we have [ilmath]A-B\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath]
  3. Given [ilmath](A_n)_{n=1}^\infty\subseteq\mathcal{D}[/ilmath] being an increasing sequence of subsets, we have [ilmath]\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}(A_n)=A[/ilmath] where [ilmath]A:=\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty A_n[/ilmath] (See limit of an increasing sequence of sets for more information)
    Let [ilmath](A_n)_{n=1}^\infty\subseteq\mathcal{D}[/ilmath] be given.
    Define a new sequence of sets, [ilmath](B_n)_{n=1}^\infty[/ilmath] by:
    • [ilmath]B_1=A_1[/ilmath]
    • [ilmath]B_n=A_n-B_{n-1}[/ilmath]
    This is a pairwise disjoint sequence of sets.
    Now by hypothesis [ilmath]\bigudot_{n=1}^\infty B_n\in\mathcal{D}[/ilmath]
    • Note that [math]\bigudot_{n=1}^\infty B_n=\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty A_n[/math]
    So we have [ilmath]\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty A_n\in\mathcal{D} := A[/ilmath], thus the limit is in [ilmath]\mathcal{D} [/ilmath] - as required.

This completes the first half of the proof.

The second half isn't tricky, the only bit I recommend knowing is [ilmath]A\udot B=(A^c-B)^c[/ilmath]

TODO: That second half



Immediate results

  • [ilmath]\emptyset\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath]

Proof:

As [ilmath]\mathcal{D} [/ilmath] is closed under complements and [ilmath]X\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath] by definition, [ilmath]X^c\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath]
[ilmath]X^c=\emptyset[/ilmath] so [ilmath]\emptyset\in\mathcal{D} [/ilmath]

This completes the proof.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Recall this means [ilmath]A_{n}\subseteq A_{n+1} [/ilmath]

References

  1. ↑ Probability and Stochastics - Erhan Cinlar
  2. ↑ Measures, Integrals and Martingales - René L. Schilling
  3. ↑ Probability and Stochastics - Erhan Cinlar
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